Fern - Polystichum munitum (Western Sword Fern)

Western Sword Fern provides shelter and cover for small wildlife, including insects and ground-dwelling creatures. Its dense foliage also offers protection for birds, and the plant is generally deer and rabbit resistant, making it a good option for wildlife-friendly gardens.

Western Sword Fern is an evergreen perennial, retaining its attractive, dark green foliage year-round. Its consistent structure provides year-round interest in the garden, even in colder climates where many plants lose their leaves.

Woodland gardens

Shaded foundation plantings

Native plant landscapes

Erosion control on moist shaded slopes

Wildlife-friendly shade gardens

Evergreen backdrop for flowering shade perennials

• Type: Evergreen fronds, pinnate (feather-like), leathery
  
• Shape: Narrow, sword-like arching blades (hence the name)
  
• Color: Glossy dark green
  
• Size: Each frond can reach 3–5 feet long
  
• Structure: Leaflets (pinnae) are toothed and lance-shaped, attached alternately along the central midrib
  
• Special Feature: New fronds emerge coiled (fiddleheads) in spring and slowly unroll
  
  

• Flowering Season: As a fern, Polystichum munitum does not produce flowers. Instead, it reproduces via spores that are produced on the undersides of the fronds.

• Frond Description: The fronds of the Western Sword Fern are long, sword-like, and leathery, growing upright in a graceful arch. Each frond is finely divided into small, lance-shaped leaflets with serrated edges. The fronds typically grow 2-4 feet in length, with a glossy, deep green color that provides a lush, dense appearance in the garden. The new fronds emerge as coiled fiddleheads in the spring and unfurl as they grow.

• When to Plant: Plant in early spring or fall, when the soil is cool and moist. This gives the plant time to establish its roots before the hot summer or cold winter months.
• How to Plant: Dig a hole twice the width of the root ball and plant the fern at the same depth as it was in the pot. Backfill with soil, ensuring that the crown is at or slightly above soil level to avoid rot. Space plants 24-36 inches apart to allow for the fern’s mature spread.

Pruning for the Western Sword Fern is minimal. Simply remove any dead or damaged fronds in early spring to encourage fresh growth and maintain the plant’s appearance. Fronds that become damaged or brown can also be removed at any time during the growing season.

Western Sword Fern prefers consistently moist soil. Water regularly, especially during dry periods, to keep the soil evenly moist but not waterlogged. Once established, it can tolerate short periods of drought, though it performs best in consistently damp environments.

This fern thrives in partial to full shade, making it an excellent choice for woodland gardens, shaded borders, or areas with low light. It can tolerate dappled sunlight or morning sun, but it should be protected from harsh afternoon sunlight to prevent frond scorch.

The fronds of Western Sword Fern can be cut for use in floral arrangements or as a decorative element in wreaths or other crafts. Harvest the fronds when they are fully mature for the longest-lasting results.

Fertilize in early spring with a balanced, slow-release fertilizer or a layer of compost to promote healthy frond growth. Western Sword Fern does not require heavy feeding, but a light application of organic material will help maintain its vigor, especially in poor soils.

• Mulching: Apply a 2-3 inch layer of organic mulch around the base of the plant to retain soil moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.
• Soil: Western Sword Fern thrives in rich, well-drained soil that is slightly acidic to neutral. Amending the soil with organic matter such as compost will help improve its moisture retention and nutrient content.
• Disease and Pest Resistance: This fern is generally resistant to pests and diseases, making it a low-maintenance choice for gardeners. Ensure good air circulation and proper watering practices to prevent fungal issues, such as root rot, in overly damp conditions.

As a fern, Polystichum munitum reproduces via spores and does not require pollination. The spores are produced on the undersides of the fertile fronds, typically in late summer or fall, and are released to propagate new plants.

Polystichum munitum thrives in shaded, moist, woodland settings, making it an excellent companion to other shade- and moisture-loving species:

• Hosta – Broad-leaved contrast to finely divided fern fronds
  
• Tiarella (Foamflower) – Adds soft flower spikes and thrives in similar shade/moisture
  
• Heuchera (Coral Bells) – Colorful foliage contrasts with dark green fern fronds
  
• Trillium – Native woodland wildflower that shares the same habitat
  
• Asarum canadense (Wild Ginger) – Excellent low-growing groundcover under ferns
  
• Epimedium – Adds spring flowers and excellent drought tolerance for dry shade
  
• Brunnera – Heart-shaped leaves and early blue blooms
  
• Pulmonaria – Early-season color and attractive spotted foliage
  

These combinations support a layered, texture-rich woodland garden that looks natural and lush.